Beograd - 1999

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MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

  TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS, TECHNOLOGICAL-TECHNICAL AND CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE FUNCTION OF THE TYPICAL EXISTING FACILITIES, OPTIMAL PROPOSAL FOR THE SYSTEM OF FACILITIES FOR TREATMENT MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS FROM THE ASPECT OF WATER, AIR, AND GROUND PROTECTION OF THE INHABITED PLACES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Publisher:

MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Minister Branislav Blazic, PhD

ENGINEERING, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

"BALBY INTERNATIONAL" - BELGRADE

Editor-in-chief:

Professor Dusan Babac, Civil Engineer, PhD

Authors:

Pavle Babac, Civil Engineer, MSc

Miroslav Milovanovic, Technology Engineer, BSc

Dusan M. Babac, Geology Engineer, MSc

Zorica Pavlovic, Civil Engineer, BSc

Aleksandar Babac, Doctor of Medicine

Reviewers:

Professor Dejan Ljubisavljevic, Civil Engineer, PhD

Professor Srbobran Djordjevic, Doctor of Medicine

Olivera Grozdic, Technology Engineer, BSc

Tomislav Markovic, Technology Engineer, BSc

Printing:

400 copies

Computer and graphic design:

"Balby International"

Printing shop "Djordjevic"

Print:

Printing shop "Djordjevic"

    This publication was prepared during the period while thousands of bombs and rockets were falling onto our country, while people were being killed and flats, houses factories and bridges were being destroyed.

    The publication was prepared in the period between March and July 1999, accompanied by frequent air-raid sirens, power and water outages. The answer to the bombs, destruction, chaos and death was the preparation of a useful technical publication meant to add to the welfare of the inhabitants of Serbia.

EXCERPTS FROM THE REVIEWS

Reviewer: Professor Dejan Ljubisavljevic, Civil Engineer, PhD

"In the past few years the scientific circles have become fully aware of ecology and shown the necessity of protecting surface and ground waters. Therefore, it is to be expected that in the near future we will witness the intensive construction of waste-water treatment plants.

This publication gives in an expert way a review and explanation of the difficulties in waste-water treatment. It covers both Yugoslav and foreign experiences, historical development and new technologies.

In order to solve the problems of waste-water treatment it is essential to develop plans and programs of their construction, to determine the priorities and to ensure top consulting for the suitable design, construction and exploitation of these plants, in which this publication helps immensely. Due to its large scope, this publication may serve for the education of the staff with insufficient experience in following and maintaining the installed technologies of waste-water treatment."

Reviewer: Professor Srbobran Djordjevic, Doctor of Medicine

"This matter about the difficulties in waste-water treatment in our country is voluminous and presented in over 600 pages, with numerous charts, schemes, drawings and pictures.

It begins logically with the historical data about the development and evolution of sewage problems in the world and in our country, where these data are quite interesting and enriching to the user's ecological culture.

The authors have a justified reason to start with the demographic facts about population groups in settlements where the facilities barely met the needs. Furthermore, the authors point out the serious and encompassing nature of the future plans and programs in carrying out ecological purposes of the environment water protection.

It is extremely important to have in one place all the legal acts which refer to the issue of waste waters and water protection in general; thus it ensures their easier use, the attitude towards water protection and the observation of legal acts.  The book also deals with the contents of the Urban Plan of Serbia and water-management basis, which go on to cover the issue of water protection in full detail.

Within the complex processes of waste-water treatment, the laws of nature in the fields of the physical, chemical and particularly biological sphere are covered. There is an attempt to use mathematical indexes and models in order to prove legal hypotheses and quantify relations, and thus enable the comprehension and application of given data. The laws of nature are based on experimental experiences and evidence.

Starting from the demographic structure of settlements in our country, there is a worked-out scheme of extremely small plants, small-size plants, then plants with the capacity of 2 500 EI, 5 000 EI, 10 000 EI, 30 000 EI, 50 000 EI and 100 000 EI, which suits our urban agglomerations and also enables their use in rural settlements in the future.

The book gives convincing criticism, with enclosed evidence, of the wider application of lagoons in this field, with a special emphasis on the relations and attitudes towards industrial waste waters which demand preliminary treatment in the place of their production, that is prior to their discharge into the sewerage system.

There is a particular emphasis on the necessity of creating conditions for the use of stabilized sludge from waste waters, as it is very useful agricultural manure with the value 20% higher than artificial products.

Yet another significant feature is the display of our situation in regard to the application of waste-water treatment plants in Arandjelovac, Bac, Kragujevac and Gornji Milanovac, as well as a number of plants in several West European countries, thus giving an insight into potential mistakes and demanding their correction. There is an emphasis on the variety of installed plants and on the necessity of their standardization and the choice of the most efficient and economical solutions which will facilitate the maintenance and efficient functioning of waste-water treatment systems, especially in our conditions which lack rich tradition and experience with these plants.

The Serbian literature covering this field is rather modest, so the publication of this book will represent a significant contribution in enriching the knowledge of this field." 

Reviewer: Olivera Grozdic, Technology Engineer, BSc

"The publication gives a voluminous and illustrative review of numerous technical-technological solutions to municipal waste-water treatment, starting from the first plants up to today, both in our country and in the world.

Discussing different applied solutions, technological procedures, equipment and hydraulic calculations are presented in detail. The book also lists the observed faults and mistakes, but at the same time gives suggestions and concrete proposals which would dispose of these faults and improve the effectiveness of the solutions.

The attempt has been made to unify problems, that is to standardize plants depending on hydraulic and organic capacity, expressed through the number of EI. In that way, thanks to compatibility, it would be easier to obtain and maintain equipment, to overhaul, upgrade and  operate plants.

A special emphasis is laid on the necessity of gradual discharge of sludge from municipal plants, and to illustrate this rare case in our country the central waste-water treatment plant "Cvetojevac" in Kragujevac is given as a model. Although only the first stage of this plant has been constructed, it fully solves the "sludge line" in addition to the "water line".

Since the publication is edited extremely professionally, it has not only informative but educational significance as well, primarily for the people who deal with the issue of municipal waste- waters."

Reviewer: Tomislav Markovic, Technology Engineer, BSc

"The prepared material will hopefully be accepted by a wide circle of people - by those who deal with the issue of ecology, water and ground protection, by users of water treatment plants, designers and others interested in these issues. The material presented here will serve to many people as an insight into the comprehension of the difficulties in the field of protecting waters from pollution."

 CONTENTS

PREFACE

    For quite a while Serbia has had numerous difficulties with municipal waste-water treatment in urban settlements - these problems have been solved partially, from case to case, which affects gravely the adequate choice of municipal waste-water treatment procedures and, above all, the issue of the very exploitation, regulation and control of the processes within municipal waste-water treatment.

    In the past plants were chosen and installed without the comprehensive consideration of the issue at a higher level, regional and republic, so that the choice of plant types and applied technology mostly depended on the agreement between designers and investors, that is technology and technique which was given priority in some way. Sometimes the choice of plants was affected mostly by current fashion.

    All these practices have made the situation with the existing plants in Serbia quite complicated. Today in Serbia there are many technological approaches to this issue, so that it is almost impossible to find two identical technological solutions for the similar plants. It is the same with the installed equipment in the plants. Thus the situation in the existing plants in Serbia in connected with complex problems. There is no opportunity for a greater exchange of experiences, raw material, spare parts and so on, so that the plant owners are forced to deal with the accumulated problems without any help and in their own way.

    Due to all this, the Ministry for Environment Protection took as a starting point the fact that it is necessary to begin the unification of the issues of municipal waste-water treatment within Serbia, considering municipal waste-water treatment as one of the basic links in the chain of environment protection whose primary purpose is to protect recipients of water, air and ground in general. The aim of this book is to sum up engineering experiences and knowledge and to list basic determinations necessary for the successful resolving of the issues of municipal waste-water treatment.

    Chapter I gives a review of the historical development of resolving the issues of municipal waste-water treatment, descriptions of types of waste waters which are usually part of municipal waste waters, as well as their influence on the whole issue. Chapter I is completed by a review of legal norms and acts in this field in our country and throughout the world.

    The book establishes a criterion for special standardization of technology and technique in the plants in Serbia, so as to facilitate not only design and installation of plants but adequate supervision of concrete work and problems in the constructed plants, exchange of experiences, acquisition of spare parts, raw material etc. This trend is widespread in the whole world nowadays, and apart from its technical-technological advantages, it is extremely justified from the financial and exploitation points of view.

    This criterion is developed in Chapter II and Chapter III.

    Chapter II develops technological principles and technical solutions to the issues of municipal waste-water treatment by means of many diagrams and table data which are necessary for technological and hydraulic calculations of the plants.

    Chapter III gives a proposal for the standardization of the plants in Serbia, with the instructions for a complete technological and hydraulic calculation for each proposed classified plant. Each plant represents a problem on its own, due to its capacity, biological capacity and specific features of each settlement, so that the enclosed technological and hydraulic calculations should be used as detailed instructions as to how to make a calculation for a particular plant with concrete input parameters. Once again we emphasize the fact that enclosed calculations should not be taken for granted and literally copied.

    The starting point in the successful resolving of the issues of municipal waste-water treatment in Serbia is comprehending the overall situation in the existing plants, taking into consideration particular problems and stating the faults, both technological and technical and organizational ones.

    These issues are worked out in Chapter IV. The first part gives a review of typical plants in the world. The second part gives a review of the condition of selected typical plants in Serbia with an emphasis on exploitation problems. The third part lists basic principles which should be observed while solving these problems.

    We think that this book will be extremely useful both in the outline and innovation of regulations and in the selection of a sort and type of plants and their design. 

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